#CALLUS95 GAMES TO PLAY SOFTWARE#
The software convinced 30 percent of the human judges involved that it was human. The Loebner Prize has been derided for allowing entrants to use cheap tricks, like confusing participants with odd diversions, in place of more honest approaches that uphold the spirit of Turing’s premise.Ī chatbot called Eugene Goostman made headlines last June for supposedly passing the Turing test in a contest organized at the University of Reading in the U.K. The best-known example is the Loebner Prize, which in 1990 began offering $100,000 for the first computer whose text conversation several judges deemed indistinguishable from that of a human. In the years since, the Turing test has been widely adopted and also widely criticized-not because of flaws in Turing’s original idea, but because of flaws in its execution. But as artificial intelligence advanced, the idea took on a life of its own, and the so-called Turing test was born. The imitation game was a thought experiment, not a formal scientific test. Turing also proposed a test, called the “imitation game,” in which a computer would prove its intelligence by convincing a person, through conversation, that it is also human. Instead, he turned to a black-box definition: if we accept humans as an intelligent species, then anything that exhibits behaviors indistinguishable from human behavior must also be intelligent. But he discarded the question “Can machines think?” The act of thinking is, he argued, too difficult to define. In his 1950 paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, published six years before the term “artificial intelligence” was coined, the British computer scientist Alan Turing considered the capacity of computers to imitate the human intellect.
The most famous effort to measure machine intelligence does not resolve these questions instead, it obscures them. If the ability to carry out complex arithmetic and algebra is a sign of intellect, then is a digital calculator, in some sense, gifted? If spatial reasoning is part of the story, then is a robot vacuum cleaner that’s capable of navigating its way around a building unaided something of a wunderkind? If we did, we might discover a problem tucked inside it: defining intelligence is far from straightforward.
AI is an idea so commonplace that few of us bother to interrogate its meaning.
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